
Kim has cast himself as increasingly assertive and is distancing himself from the symbolic rituals observed by his father and grandfather before him.
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His father Kim Jong-il, by contrast, often retreated to underground bunkers during periods of perceived threat – most notably at the height of tensions with the US during the 2002 nuclear crisis, Koh said.
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“Kim Jong-un is boldly standing up to US threats, displaying confidence in the country’s strategic status backed by its nuclear arsenal,” Koh said, adding that security crises could help Pyongyang tighten internal control.

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