
According to accounts by Xi and others, the soldiers lacked training and were equipped with a motley selection of weapons – mostly outdated bolt-action rifles and a few machine guns, but no artillery. They also had chronic shortages of clothing and footwear, food and ammunition.
The Communist Party’s political work boosted their discipline and morale, but equipment and logistical difficulties remained – and if anything, worsened over time.
Ultimately, exhausted and out of food and munitions, the troops were overwhelmed by local bandits and forced to disperse.

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