
It called for stronger cooperation on regulation, emergency response and the fight against illicit trafficking of nuclear materials, while reaffirming that nuclear security responsibility rested entirely with each state.
It also underscored members’ rights to the peaceful use of nuclear energy under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
Zhu Yongbiao, director of the Centre for Afghanistan Studies at Lanzhou University, pointed to several converging factors behind its adoption: China and Russia’s long-standing interest in deeper cooperation; growing demand for safety frameworks as civilian nuclear programmes expand in Central Asia, particularly Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan; and Iran’s full membership since 2023.

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